I've always been interested in names and naming things, and being in another country offers ample opportunity to learn new styles of names. In this post (for which I've done a lot of informal research and which is being posted on an important person's name day) I'll say a little about both given names and surnames, but I'm far from being an expert on Slovak naming conventions.
Preface: Pronunciation
I was getting frustrated over my inability to clearly express how certain letters and special characters ought to be pronounced, but then I found this lovely table. (I can see a few places where the pronunciations don't match up across the table, but overall I think it will help.)
Personally speaking, I cannot pronounce anything with a ch as it ought to sound, so any names with that combination automatically default to the nickname. Furthermore, it takes too much time for me to try to pronounce things correctly, so in class, nearly everyone gets the anglicized pronunciation of their name.
I. Given Names
Here are most of my students, past and present.
Girls: Adela, Adriána, Alena, Alexandra, Alžbeta, Andrea, Anežka, Barbora, Beáta, Bernadeta,* Bianka, Bibiana, Blanka, Daniela, Denisa, Diana, Dominika, Dušana, Eliška, Emília, Eva, Evelýn, Hana, Ivana/Ivona, Iveta, Jana, Jaroslava, Júlia, Karina, Karolína, Katarína, Klaudia, Kristína, Laura, Lenka, Linda, Lívia, Lucia, Ľubica, Ľudmila, Magdalena, Mária, Marianna, Martina, Michaela, Milica, Miroslava, Monika, Natália, Nikola/Nikoleta, Patrícia, Paula, Paulina, Petra/Petrana, Renata, Romana, Ružena, Sabina, Simona, Stanislava, Stela, Soňa, Svetlana, Tatiana, Terézia, Timea, Vanda, Veronika, Viera, Viktoria, Vlasta, Zdenka, Zita, Zuzana, Žofia
Boys: Adam, Andrej/Ondrej, Armand, Benjamin, Branislav, David, Denis, Dušan, Erik, Filip, František, Gregor, Jakub, Ján, Juraj, Karol, Kristián, Lukaš, Ľubomír, Marcel, Marek, Marián, Marko, Maroš, Martin, Matej, Matuš, Maxim,* Michal, Mick,* Nazarij,* Patrik, Pavel, Peter, Richard, Róbert, Roman, Stanislav, Šimon, Štefan, Tomáš, Viliam, Vladimír
Multiples aside (4A this year has three Simonas), this also shows that we have a lot more female students than male. In addition, this year there are two sets of siblings with paired names: Ján and Jana, and Kristína and Kristián.
Ia. Name Days
At some point, I know not when nor by whom, a Slovak name day calendar was created. It seems the majority of Slovaks have names that are on the official calendar, although some names of foreign provenance are used, like those starred above (Max and Nazarij's parents are Ukrainian, and Mick is Dutch). Your name day has no correspondence with the day you were born--that is to say, if you're born on January 20th, your name need not be Dalibor, but if your name is Dalibor, then January 20th is your name day. On your name day you usually get a little treat, some chocolate or cake or something. Name days aren't as important as birthdays, but they're still remembered.
Name days sometimes correspond with saints' days in the Catholic calendar, but not always. For example, Valentin, Andrej/Ondrej, and Štefan all celebrate their name days on the saints' days (that's February 14th, November 30th, and December 26th, respectively). But Juraj's name day is April 24th, while St George's Day is celebrated the day before.
Ib. Two Names or Three?
Most Slovaks today only have two names, their given name and their surname. Only two of my students have a middle name. One was allowed to legally add her second name when her baby sister was born, and she is very proud of it. Some major figures in Slovak (/Czechslovak) history have had three names, though. These include Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Štefan Marko Daxner, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, and Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia, took his wife's maiden name as his middle name when they married). I have talked with one of my students about this, and he was able to offer the following insight: In some villages, there are many families with the same last name, and therefore they may adopt family nicknames in addition to their legal surnames. My student said that his family's nickname is Gajdoš, and that if he introduced himself in his village with his legal name, that wouldn't help anyone to place him; but that if he introduced himself with his first name plus Gajdoš, that would be more specific. In part because there are not a huge variety of first and last names here, people have used their family nicknames or other nicknames or pseudonyms (like Hviezdoslav, above, which means something like "celebrating the stars") to help set themselves and their names apart.
II. Nicknames
Almost every name has what I think of as a "secret Slovak nickname." The pattern seems to be: when in doubt, chop off the end of the name and add -o for a boy and -a for a girl (Ján→Jano, Miroslava→Mira). The -ko/-ka ending is diminutive, so calling a Jan "Janko" is like saying "little Johnny."
A few kids have anglicized nicknames, like Nyky for Veronika. I started calling Bernadeta "Bernie" based on sheer laziness (I also persist in spelling it the American way and will not be swayed otherwise; I don't think she or any of her classmates realized that Bernie is mostly a guy's name until sometime last year). Some students introduced themselves with anglicized nicknames at the beginning of the year, so one Michal was Mike (and often Mikey), and one Katarína is Katy.
III. Surnames
Males and females have different last names. A daughter has the feminine form of her father's last name until she marries and gets the feminine form of her husband's last name. The feminine ending is usually -ová. So if one of my coworkers, Pán Hudec, ever gets married, his wife will be Pani Hudecová. If the masculine form ends in - ý (like Kamenský), the feminine changes to -á (Kamenská).
My first year I had two girls in the same fifth year class whose last names are Medveďová. I assumed that two students who are the same age and in the same class must be twins, but they were not. They just had the same last name.
Not all Slovaks have surnames of Slovak origin. Remember, modern Slovakia used to be part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and there were significant populations of German immigrants in the area as well, besides the obvious Czech, Polish, and Hungarian communities. I was surprised last year at the number of students with surnames of German origin; while I've been here there have been a Schmidt, a Šnider, and a pair of siblings who are Kirsch and Kirschová.
IV. Titles
Pán translates to "Mr." or "sir," pani to "Mrs." or "ma'am," and the less frequently-used slečna to "Miss." Here at school we often hear students calling their Slovak teachers Pani učiteľka, more or less "Mrs. teacher." The headmistress is very often addressed as Pani riaditeľka. It's similar to the German form of address so well-known from the movies, "Herr Doktor" or what have you. I would assume that a doctor would indeed be addressed as Pán doktor/Pani doktorka, especially since pastors are called Pán farár/Pani fararka.
V. Conclusion
Last year I read something about Katarina von Bora Luther, and I immediately thought of her as "Katka Luther." This is a sign that I have been in Slovakia too long.
Appendix: Nicknames
For extra credit, match the nickname to the given name from the list above.
Girls: Ady, Aďa, Baška, Betka, Dada, Danka, Dena, Dia, Domča, Duška, Eli, Hanka, Ivka, Janka, Jarka, Kaja, Katka, Kaťa, Kika, Kiki, Lucka, Ľubka, Magda, Maja, Majka, Maťa, Milka, Mima, Mirka, Miška, Monča, Nati, Nika, Paťa, Pauli, Peťa, Romča, Sabi, Saška, Sima, Sisa, Stanka, Sveťa, Terka, Viki, Zuzka, Žofka
Boys: Benjo, Braňo, Fero, Jano, Juro, Kubo, Ľubo, Maňo, Maťo, Mišo, Paľo, Peťo, Puky, Rišo, Robo, Stano, Števo, Vilo, Vlado
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